ips: Social Structure

SOCIAL STRUCTUREEtymologically, social structure means that the composition of the community. Social structure is interwoven social elements essential. Element consists of a group, the rules / norms, values, organization, and so on. All these elements are interrelated to one another, so that when the shock on one of the other elements of the elements will also shaken

a. Grouping SocietyIn general, based on community residences divided into rural and urban communities. According Soerjono (1990), the town and village has a different concern, particularly attentive to the needs of life. The villagers in general, the main priority is of particular concern for basic needs, other functions are ignored. While the public views of the city, they saw other than basic needs, views surrounding communities are also considered. Such as eating, not just the nutrients andgood are concerned, but also pay attention to the equipment and where to eat. The division of labor (division of labor) in the city has been terspesialiasasi. Similarly, the type work profession so many kinds (heterogeneous).Tonnies (in Soekanto, 1990) classify people as the people gemainschaft and geselschaft. Gemainschaft Society, also known as community groups where members are very attached emotionally to another. While the geselschaft or patembeyan ties between members are less powerful and rational. Associations tend to be a reflection of the villagers, while the reflection patembayan city communities.b. COATING OF COMMUNITYEvery society always has a certain appreciation for certain things in the community. Higher appreciation for certain things, will put it in a higher position than the other.Symptoms raises levels of society, which is a position of distinction a person or group in a different position vertically. Coating system in the community, in sociology called social Stratification. Stratification word comes from the stratum (plural: strata which means layers). Sorokin said that Social Stratification is resident or differentiation of society into classes of high and lower grade. The criteria used to size or in the coating masyarakata digunaan are:1. wealth2. power3. honor4. mastery of Sciences1. Properties Walks of LifeLayer properties within a community may be closed (closed social Stratification) and (open social Stratification). Are closed when a person limits the possibility of emigration from one layer to another. By contrast, inin an open system, every member of society has the opportunity to try the skills to climb the layers, or for those who are not lucky, to fall from the upper layer to the layer below it.2. Elements Walks of Lifea. The Status (Status)Position is defined as a place or a person's position within a social group.The people generally develop two kinds of positions are:1. -ascribed status, is one's position in society regardless of spiritual differences and abilities. Position is acquired by birth, such as the position of the son of a nobleman was too noble.2. Achieved-Status is the position reached by someone with a deliberate effort. This position was not obtained on the basis of birth. But it is open to anyone depends on their ability to pursue and achieve tujuantujuannya.b. Role (Role)Role (role) is a dynamic aspect of the position (status). If someone exercising their rights and obligations in accordance with the position that he was running a role.C. Social differentiationSocial differentiation is a resident or citizen distinction horizontally or equivalent. Dai embodiment of social differentiation based on race, religion, profession, ethnicity, and so on.1. The characteristics of the Underlying Social Differentiation.Social differentiation is characterized by differences based on the following characteristics:a. Physical CharacteristicsThis differentiation occurs because of differences in certain characteristics. For example: skin color, eye shape, hair, nose, face, etc..b. Social CharacteristicsSocial differentiation arises because of differences in perspective lead to jobs and patterns of behavior in different societies. Included in this category are the differences in the role, prestige and power. For example, a nurse behavior patterns will be different from an office employee.c. Characteristics of CultureDifferentiation culture is closely linked to the view of life of a society about values ​​espoused, such as ataukepercayaan religion, kinship systems, ductility and toughness (ethos). The results of the values ​​espoused a society we can see from the language, art, architecture, custom clothing, religion, etc..2. Forms of Social DifferentiationGrouping the form of eight criteria of social differentiation.a. Differentiation RaceRace is a group of people who have physical characteristics similar Bawan. Differentiation race means grouping people by physical traits, not culture.Broadly speaking, human beings are divided into the following races:1) According to A.L. Krober
 Austroloid, including indigenous Australians (Aborigines) 
 Mongoloid: - Asiatic Mongoloid (North Asia, Central Asia and East Asia)- Malayan Mongoloid (Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, a native of Taiwan)- American Mongoloid (Native American)
 Caucasians: - Nordic (Northern Europe, around the Baltic L.)- Alpine (Central Europe and Eastern Europe)- Mediterranean (about L. Central, North Africa, Armenia, Arabia, Iran)- Indic (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka)
 Negroid: - African negroid (African Continent)- Negrito (Central Africa, the Malay Peninsula, known as the Semang, Philippines)- Melanesian (New Guinea, Melanesia)
 Special races (can not be classified into four principal races): - Bushman (Kalahari desert, South Africa)- Veddoid (rural Sri Lanka, South Sulawesi)- Polynesian (islands of Micronesia and Polynesia)- Ainu (on the island of Hokkaido and Karafuto Japanese)2) According to Ralph Linton- Mongoloid, with characteristic yellow to dark brown skin, straight hair, little body hair, slanted eyes (especially Asia Mongoloid). Mongoloid race is divided into two, namely Asia and Indian Mongoloid. Mongoloid Asia consisting of Ras Chinese Sub (consisting of Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam) and Sub Malay Race. Sub Malay race consists of Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Mongoloid Indians consisted of the Indians in America.- Caucasian, have physical characteristics nose, white skin, blonde hair to brown-black, straight and eyelids. This race consists of Sub Race Nordic, Alpin, Mediterranean, Armenoid and India.- Negroid, with the physical characteristics of curly hair, dark skin, thick lips and eyelids straight. Race is divided into sub-Ras Negrito, Nilitz, Rimba Negro, Negro Oseanis and Hotentot-Boysesman. Aboriginal.- What about Indonesia? Sub any race who inhabit our country?- Indonesia is inhabited by an assortment of sub-Ras as follows:- Negrito, the Semang tribes in the Malay Peninsula and surrounding areas.- Veddoid, the Sakai tribe in Riau, South Sumatra Kubu, Toala and Tomuna in Sulawesi.- Neo Melanosoid, ie the Kei and Aru islands.- Malays, consisting of two:- Old Melayu (Malay Proto), the Batak people, Toraja and Dayak- Young Malay (Melayu Deutro), the Acehnese, Minangkabau, Bugis / Makassar, Javanese, Sundanese, etc..b. Racial differentiation (Ethnic)What is a racial or ethnic? According to Hassan Shadily MA, race or ethnicity is a class of people who are considered to have a biological relationship. Differentiation is penggologan human race by biological characteristics of the same, such as race. But the tribe has the basic characteristics of the other, the existence of a common culture. Ethnic groups have the following in common:- Physical characteristics- Art- Local language- CustomsEthnic groups in Indonesia, among others:- In Sumatra: Aceh, Batak, Minangkabau, Bengkulu, Jambi, Palembang, Malay, etc..;- In Java: Sundanese, Javanese, Tengger, and so on.;- On the island of Borneo: Dayak, Banjar, etc..;- On the island of Sulawesi: Bugis, Makassar, Toraja, Minahasa, Toli-toli, Bolaang- Mongondow, Gorontalo, etc..;- In Kep. Nusa Tenggara: Bali, Bima, Lombok, Flores, Timor, Rote, etc..;- In Kep. Maluku and: Ternate, Tidore, Dani, Asmat, etc..- Guineac. Differentiation clan (Clan)Klen (Clan) is often also called the relative area or a large family. Klen unitary descent (genealogical), unity of belief (religiomagis) and unity adat (tradition). Clan is a social system based on blood ties or descendants of the same common in unilateral community either through the father (patrilineal) and the mother (matrilineal).* On the basis of clan lineage fathers (patrilineal), among others found in:- Batak society (as the Marga)- Marga Karo Batak: Ginting, Sembiring, Singarimbun, Barus, Tambun, Paranginangin;- Marga Batak Toba: Nababan, Simatupang, Siregar;- Marga Batak Mandailing: Harahap, Rangkuti, Nasution, Coal, Daulay.- Community Minahasa (klennya called Fam), among others: Mandagi, Lasut, Tombokan, Pangkarego, Paat, Supit.- The Ambonese (klennya called Fam), among others: Pattinasarani, Latuconsina, Lotul, Manuhutu, Ayala.- Community Flores (klennya called Fam), among others: Fernandes, Wangge, Da Costa, Leimena, Kleden, De-Rosary, Paeira.* Klen on the basis of matrilineal descent (matrilineal), among others found in Minangkabau society, tribe called Klennya which is a combination of kampuang-kampuang. The names of the clans in the Minangkabau are: Koto, Piliang, Chaniago, Sikumbang, Malay, Solo, Dalimo, Kampai, etc.. Communities in Flores, ethnically Ngada also use Matrilineal system.d. Differentiation ReligionAccording to Durkheim religion is an integrated system consisting of beliefs and practices relating to sacred things. Religion is an essential issue for human life because it involves beliefs that are considered true. Belief in religion is morally binding on its adherents. The conviction was formed moral community group (race). People of adherents of a religion unrecognizable from how to dress, how to behave, how to worship, and so on. Thus, the differentiation of religion is a grouping based on religion / belief.1) Components of Religion* Religious emotion, an attitude that is not capable of rational soulful, such as the attitude of fear and disbelief.* System faith, manifested in the form of thoughts / ideas man as belief in God's attributes, natural form of magic, cosmology, his afterlife, magic rings, ancestral spirits, gods, and so on.* Religious ceremony, that a form of worship to God, gods and the Spirit Ancestors.* The place of worship, such as the Mosque, Church, Temple, Temple, Temple, Pagoda.* The people, the members of one religion are social unity.2) Religion and SocietyIn the development of society and the influence of religion as well as the influence of religion or the interaction dynamics. In Indonesia, we know the religion of Islam, Catholicism, Protestantism, Buddhism and Hinduism. Besides, it also develops religious or other beliefs, such as Khong Hu Chu, Religious Faith, Kaharingan and other indigenous beliefs.e. Differentiation Profession (work)Profession or occupation is an activity carried out humans as a source of income or livelihood. Differentiation profession is a grouping of people based on the type of work or profession. Professions are usually associated with a particular skill. For example, the teaching profession requires special skills, such as how to speak, like guiding, patient, etc.. Based on the difference in our profession know profession groups such as teachers, doctors, merchants, laborers, civil servants, soldiers, and so on. Differences professions usually have an effect on social behavior. For example, a teacher's behavior will be different to a doctor when they carry out their work.f. Sex DifferentiationGender is a category in a society founded on the distinction of sex or sex (biological differences). Biological differences can be seen from the structure of the reproductive organs, body shape, voice, and so on. On that basis, there are groups of men and groups of women or men or women.g. Region of Origin DiferensiasaiDifferentiation is a grouping of people based on origin or place of residence, rural or urban. Divided into:- The village community: a group of people living in rural areas or from the village;- Urban community: a group of people living in urban areas or come from the city.The difference in the village with the city can be found in the following matters: - behavior- Speech- How to dress- How to decorate the house, and so on.h. Differentiation PartyTo accommodate the aspirations of the community to participate in and manage the state / ruling, then popping up a lot of parties. Differentiation of the party was the difference in the activities set the power of the state, in the form of social units, seazas, seideologi and like-minded. In the 1999 elections ago there were 48 parties, the 2004 elections may be the number of parties has risen more thanSocial institutionsThe style of any social structure is determined by the culture of the peoples concerned, in relation to the real environment faced by citizens concerned. Manifestation of culture as a model or pattern for behavior, in the form of rules or norms, the social life of man is through a wide variety of shades of social institutions.Some of the terms used by experts to describe social institutions Soemardjan dainataranya Selo, Soelaeman Soemardi Society Institute uses the term "social institution" 'while Mely G. Tan, Koentjaraningrat, Harsya W.Bachtiar use the term "social institutions", Hertzler, Broom, Nimkoff gives the term "social institution" (Soekanto, 1990).In summary, the social order is a system of norms specific to a vehicle or arrange a The set of action that allows citizens to interact in formal patterns. For example: going to school, playing boxing, training and so on.5. Formation Process of Social PranataThe formation of social institutions through the following process:1. The socialization process to introduce and promote the process of a new social norm, so that people recognize and know the norm.2. Process institutonalization the process through which social norms, something new to be part of one of the social order, so that societal norms that society is not only known, recognized, appreciated and but then followed in daily life.3. The norms are internalized norms means kemasyarakat process does not stop until institutionalization alone, but maybe these norms ingrained in the soul of the community.6. Functions of Social PranataIn society there is a major institution such as: family institutions, religious institutions, educational institutions, economic institutions and political institutions. The study of these institutions bear disciplines such as sociology, economic sociology, political sociology, sociology of education, sociology of family, sociology of religion.